# Proof of vector addition formula

Two vectors of lengths $a$ and $b$ make an angle $\theta$ with each other when placed tail to tail. Show that the magnitude of their resultant is :
$$r = \sqrt{ a^2 + b^2 +2ab\cos(\theta)}.$$

I understand that if we placed
the two vectors head-to-tail instead of tail-to-tail, the Law of Cosines dictates that the resultant would be:
$$\sqrt{ a^2 + b^2 -2ab\cos(\theta)}$$

However, In the situation actually described, the direction of vector $a$
has been reversed, which changes the sign of $2ab$ without
changing the sign of $a^2$. But how do I prove that mathematically?

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Theorem: Given vectors $a$ and $b$ enclosing an angle $\theta$. Then the magnitude of the sum, $|a + b|$, is given by $\sqrt{ a^2 + b^2 +2ab\cos(\theta)}$.

Proof: Assuming that the Law of Cosines works for a case like the following, where $a$ and $b$ are the thick lines. The thin lines are just mirrors of the vectors.

If our vectores are defined like I just stated, this holds:
$$|a + b| = \sqrt{ a^2 + b^2 – 2ab\cos(\theta)}$$

Now we position the vector $b$ at the head of $a$. It looks like this:

$$\theta’ = \pi – \theta$$
And with $\cos(\pi – \theta) = – \cos(-\theta) = -\cos(\theta)$ we get that $-$-sign and yield the formula
$$|b – a| = \sqrt{ a^2 + b^2 + 2ab\cos(\theta)}$$