# Proof verification: $V \otimes V^* \cong \mathscr{L}(V,V)$

Let $V$ be a finite-dimensional vector space over $\mathbb{F}$. In what follows, I assume as known $\operatorname{Bilinear}(V^* \times V, \mathbb{F}) \cong V \otimes V^*$ (since the derivation of this canonical isomorphism is covered in Greub’s Multilinear Algebra) and also that $V \cong V^{**}$. Thus what I want to show is:

Lemma: $\operatorname{Bilinear}(V^* \times V, \mathbb{F}) \cong \mathscr{L}(V,V)$.

Let $\varepsilon : V^* \times V \to \mathbb{F}$ be the bilinear map defined for all $f \in V^*, v \in V$ as: $$\varepsilon:(f,v) \mapsto f(v)\,.$$ Assume we are given a linear transformation $A \in \mathscr{L}(V,V)$, then this induces the bilinear map: $$\Phi_A \in \operatorname{Bilinear}(V^* \times V, \mathbb{F}), \quad \Phi_A: (f,v) \mapsto \varepsilon(f, Av)\,.$$ By the bilinearity of $\varepsilon$ and the fact that $\mathscr{L}(V,V)$ is a vector space, it is fairly clear that the assignment $\quad A \mapsto \Phi_A \quad$ is a linear map from $\mathscr{L}(V,V) \to \operatorname{Bilinear}(V^* \times V, \mathbb{F})$. Thus, in order to conclude the proof it suffices to show that the assignment is bijective.

Surjectivity: Let $\beta \in \operatorname{Bilinear}(V^* \times V, \mathbb{F})$ . Fix a basis $v^1, \dots, v^n$ of $V$.

Then for all $i$, we have that $\beta(\cdot,v^i) \in V^{**} \cong V$. By (bi)linearity, the behavior of $\beta$ is completely determined by the behavior of the $n$ functions $\beta(\cdot, v^1),\dots,\beta(\cdot, v^n)$.

Let $A \in \mathscr{L}(V,V)$ be such that for all $i$: $Av^i “=” \beta(\cdot, v^i)$ (this makes sense since the isomorphism $V \cong V^{**}$ is canonical). Then we have that $\beta = \Phi_A = \varepsilon(\cdot, A(\cdot))\,.$

Injectivity: Assume $\Phi_A=\Phi_{A’}$. Then $$0=\Phi_A-\Phi_{A’}=\varepsilon(\cdot,A(\cdot))-\varepsilon(\cdot,A'(\cdot))=\varepsilon(\cdot,(A-A’)(\cdot))\,,$$ the last equality following from (bi)linearity.

For any $v\in V$, clearly, $\varepsilon(f, v)=f(v)=0$ for all $f \in V^*$ if and only if $v = 0$.

Since for any fixed $v$, $\varepsilon(f, (A-A’)v)=0$ for all $f \in V^*$, it follows that $(A-A’)v=0$ for any $v \in V$. Thus $A-A’=0$ and $A=A’$. $\square$

Is this correct?

#### Solutions Collecting From Web of "Proof verification: $V \otimes V^* \cong \mathscr{L}(V,V)$"

The only part of the above that I feel unsure about is the claim:

Then $\beta = \Phi_A = \varepsilon(\cdot, A(\cdot))$.

since it skips so many steps, albeit all easy and simple steps. So to prove this, I will resort to extreme pedantry. Please bear with me.

Define the canonical isomorphism $V \cong V^{**}$ by $\xi : V \to V^{**}$, $\xi^{-1}: V^{**} \to V$.

Then more precisely, $A$ is defined so that for all $i \in [n]=\{1,\dots,n\}$: $$Av^i = \xi^{-1}[\beta(\cdot,v^i)]\,.$$ Any linear transformation (on a finite-dimensional vector space) is uniquely determined by its action on a basis, thus this uniquely determines $A$ (i.e. without ambiguity).

So let us now calculate $\Phi_A$ and show that it is indeed equal to $\beta$, as claimed.

Let $v\in V, v=a_1v^1 + \dots + a_nv^n$, and $f \in V^*$. Then we have that $$\Phi_A(f,v)= \varepsilon(f,Av)=\varepsilon(f,A(a_1v^1 + \dots a_nv^n))=\varepsilon(f,a_1Av^1 + \dots + a_n A v^n)\,,$$ the last inequality following from linearity of $A$. Then by bilinearity of $\varepsilon$: $$= a_1\varepsilon(f,Av^1)+ \dots+a_n\varepsilon(f,Av^n)=a_1 \varepsilon(f,\xi^{-1}[\beta(\cdot, v^i)])+\dots+a_n\varepsilon(f,\xi^{-1}[\beta(\cdot,v^n)])\,.$$ Now the definition of $\xi$ is that for all $v\in V$, $\xi v=\varepsilon(\cdot,v)$ and for all $\zeta \in V^{**}$ and all $f \in V^*$, $$f(\xi^{-1}\zeta)=\zeta(f)\,.$$ So using the definition of $\varepsilon$, we rewrite the above again as: $$a_1 \cdot f(\xi^{-1}[\beta(\cdot, v^1)]) + \dots + a_n \cdot f(\xi^{-1}[\beta(\cdot,v^n)]) \,,$$ and then applying the definition of $\xi^{-1}$ as deduced above: $$a_1\beta(f,v^1)+\dots+a_n\beta(f,v^n)\,.$$ This allows us to use the bilinearity of $\beta$ to simplify: $$=\beta(f,a_1v^1)+\dots+\beta(f,a_nv^n)=\beta(f,a_1v^1+\dots+a_nv^n)=\beta(f,v)\,.$$

Thus, for all $f \in V^*, v \in V$, we have shown that $\Phi_A(f,v)=\beta(f,v)$, thus truly we do have $$\beta=\Phi_A =\varepsilon(\cdot, A(\cdot))$$ and thus the assignment $A \mapsto \Phi_A$ really is surjective.